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absolute sway with which he lorded it in his little empire, the school, and became wonderfully gentle and ingratiating. He found favor in the eyes of the mothers by petting the children, 175 particularly the youngest; and like the lion bold, which whilom so magnanimously the lamb did hold, he would sit with a child on one knee, and rock a cradle with his foot for whole hours together.

In addition to his other vocations, he was the singing-master 180 of the neighborhood, and picked up many bright shillings by instructing the young folks in psalmody. It was a matter of no little vanity to him, on Sundays, to take his station in front of the church gallery, with a band of chosen singers; where, in his own mind, he completely carried away the palm from the 185 parson. Certain it is, his voice resounded far above all the rest of the congregation; and there are peculiar quavers still to be heard in that church, and which may even be heard half a mile off, quite to the opposite side of the mill-pond, on a still Sunday morning, which are said to be legitimately descended from the 198 nose of Ichabod Crane. Thus, by divers little makeshifts, in

174. Ingratiating (Lat. in, in, and gratia, favor), commending one's self to the favor of another; insinuating.

176. Whilom (A.-S. hwilum, sometime, at times), formerly, of old. The lion bold, etc. In the New England Primer there is a queer illuminated alphabet; each letter is the initial of the principal word in a rude couplet. A lion whose paw rests protectingly on a lamb, by the aid of the following lines points out the letter L:

"The Lion bold

The Lamb doth hold."

177. Magnanimously (Lat. magnus, great; animus, soul; -ly, like), like a great soul.

180. Vocations (Lat. vocare, to call), calling, trade, business, occupation. 182. Psalmody, psalm-singing.

185. Carried away the palm. Wreaths or branches of palm were worn in token of victory; hence the word signifies victory, triumph. The expression here means that Ichabod surpassed the parson in importance and excellence.

187. Quavers, shakings or tremblings of the voice in singing. Their nasal character is forcibly described by the phrase "descended from the nose of Ichabod Crane"!

that ingenious way which is commonly denominated "by hook and by crook," the worthy pedagogue got on tolerably enough, and was thought, by all who understood nothing of the labor of headwork, to have a wonderfully easy life of it.

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The schoolmaster is generally a man of some importance in the female circle of a rural neighborhood, being considered a kind of idle, gentlemanlike personage, of vastly superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country swains, and, indeed, inferior in learning only to the parson. His appearance, therefore, 200 is apt to occasion some little stir at the tea-table of a farmhouse, and the addition of a supernumerary dish of cakes or sweetmeats, or, peradventure, the parade of a silver teapot. Our man of letters, therefore, was peculiarly happy in the smiles of all the country damsels. How he would figure among them in the 205 churchyard, between services on Sundays! gathering grapes for them from the wild vines that overran the surrounding trees; reciting for their amusement all the epitaphs on the tombstones; or sauntering, with a whole bevy of them, along the banks of the adjacent mill-pond; while the more bashful country bump- 210 kins hung sheepishly back, envying his superior elegance and address.

From his half-itinerant life, also, he was a kind of travelling gazette, carrying the whole budget of local gossip from house to

192. By hook and by crook, by any means direct or indirect. It is sometimes said that this proverb owes its origin to a place called the Crook in Waterford Harbor, Ireland, over against the tower of the Hook. It is safe to land on one side when the wind drives from the other.

200. See Goldsmith's Deserted Village, where the parson and the schoolmaster are the principal characters.

202. Supernumerary (Lat. super, over; numěrus, number), extra, in addition to the usual or needful number.

209. Sauntering, wandering about idly. Dr. Johnson derives the word from Sainte Terre (Fr.), the Holy Land, because in crusading times idle fellows, who loitered about asking charity, and who had no definite plans or work in view, or were unwilling to disclose them, would say they were going à la Sainte Terre. "The radical meaning [of saunter] would seem to be to trail or drag along." Wedgwood. Akin to Ger. schlentern and schlendern, to wander idly about, to loiter.

He was, in fact, an odd mixture of small shrewdness and simple credulity. His appetite for the marvellous, and his powers of digesting it, were equally extraordinary; and both had been increased by his residence in this spellbound region.

house, so that his appearance was always greeted with tion. He was, moreover, esteemed by the women as a great erudition, for he had read several books quite th and was a perfect master of Cotton Mather's History on England Witchcraft, in which, by the way, he most fir y and potently believed.

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No tale was too gross or monstrous for his capacious swallow. 225 It was often his delight, after his school was dismissed in the afternoon, to stretch himself on the rich bed of clover bordering the little brook that whimpered by his school-house, and there con over old Mather's direful tales, until the gathering dusk of the evening made the printed page a mere mist before his eyes. 230 Then, as he wended his way by swamp and stream and awful woodland, to the farmhouse where he happened to be quartered, every sound of nature, at that witching hour, fluttered his excited imagination, - the moan of the whippoorwill* from the hillside, the boding cry of the tree-toad, that harbinger of 23 storm, the dreary hooting of the screech-owl, or the sudden rustling in the thicket of birds frightened from their roost. The fireflies, too, which sparkled most vividly in the darkest places, now and then startled him, as one of uncommon bright

218. Cotton Mather, son of Increase Mather and grandson of John Cotton. He was born in Boston in 1663, was graduated at Harvard College in 1678, was ordained minister in Boston in 1684, and died in 1728. He has been blamed for his persecution of the supposed witches; but he sincerely believed he was serving God in "witch-hunting." He was a profound and industrious scholar. A contemporary declared that there were "hardly any books in existence with which Cotton Mather was not acquainted." His own publications number three hundred and eighty-two.

235. Boding (A.-S. bod, command; boda, messenger; bodian, to make an announcement: akin to bid), portending evil, menacing.

* The whippoorwill is a bird which is only heard at night. It receives its name from its note, which is thought to resemble those words.

ness would stream across his path; and if by chance a huge 240 blockhead of a beetle came winging his blundering flight against him, the poor varlet was ready to give up the ghost, with the idea that he was struck with a witch's token. His only resource on such occasions, either to drown thought or drive away 245 evil spirits, was to sing psalm-tunes; and the good people of Sleepy Hollow, as they sat by their doors of an evening, were often filled with awe at hearing his nasal melody, "in linked sweetness long drawn out," floating from the distant hill or along the dusky road.

Another of his sources of fearful pleasure was to pass long 250 winter evenings with the old Dutch wives, as they sat spinning by the fire, with a row of apples roasting and spluttering along the hearth, and listen to their marvellous tales of ghosts and goblins, and haunted fields, and haunted brooks, and haunted bridges, and haunted houses, and particularly of the headless 255 horseman, or Galloping Hessian of the Hollow, as they sometimes called him. He would delight them equally by his anecdotes of witchcraft, and of the direful omens and portentous sights and sounds in the air, which prevailed in the earlier times of Connecticut; and would frighten them wofully with 260 speculations upon comets and shooting stars; and with the alarming fact that the world did absolutely turn round, and that they were half the time topsy-turvy!

But if there was a pleasure in all this, while snugly cuddling in the chimney-corner of a chamber that was all of a ruddy glow 265 from the crackling wood-fire, and where, of course, no spectre dared to show its face, it was dearly purchased by the terrors of his subsequent walk homewards. What fearful shapes and shadows beset his path amidst the dim and ghastly glare of a snowy night! With what wistful look did he eye every 270 trembling ray of light streaming across the waste fields from some distant window! How often was he appalled by some

247. Linked sweetness. See in Milton's L'Allegro the line "Of linkéd sweetness long drawn out."

263. Topsy-turvy (shortened from "top side t' other way"), upside down,

shrub covered with snow, which, like a sheeted spectre, beset his very path! How often did he shrink with curdling awe at the sound of his own steps on the frosty crust beneath his 275 feet, and dread to look over his shoulder, lest he should behold some uncouth being tramping close behind him! and how often was he thrown into complete dismay by some rushing blast, howling among the trees, in the idea that it was the Galloping Hessian on one of his nightly scourings!

All these, however, were mere terrors of the night, phantoms of the mind that walk in darkness; and though he had seen many spectres in his time, and been more than once beset by

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Satan in divers shapes, in his lonely perambulations, yet daylight put an end to all these evils; and he would have passed 285 a pleasant life of it, in despite of the devil and all his works, if his path had not been crossed by a being that causes more perplexity to mortal man than ghosts, goblins, and the whole race of witches put together, and that was - a woman.

Among the musical disciples who assembled one evening in 290 each week to receive his instructions in psalmody, was Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and only child of a substantial Dutch farmer. She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen; plump as a partridge, ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father's peaches, and universally famed, not merely for her 295 beauty, but her vast expectations. She was withal a little of a coquette, as might be perceived even in her dress, which was a mixture of ancient and modern fashions, as most suited to set off her charms. She wore the ornaments of pure yellow gold which her great-great-grandmother had brought over from Saar- 300 dam; the tempting stomacher of the olden time, and withal a

274. Curdling awe. Terror is poetically supposed to chill and curdle the blood.

284. Perambulations (per, through; ambulare, to walk), walkings about, strollings.

300. Saardam, a town in Holland.

301. Stomacher, the front body-piece of a lady's dress, being an ornament or support. Withal, along with the rest, likewise.

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