primitives given above, by adding to them the suffix, s, ly, or ing; as, nights, daily, schooling.

3. Write out six words accented on the first syllable; as, writing, sunny.

4. Write out six words accented on the second syllable; as, affirm, destroy.

5. Write out six words accented on the third syllable; as, elevation, Alabama.

LESSON XXXV.

WHAT is spelling?

SPELLING. - RULES.

Spelling is the art of expressing words by their

proper letters.

Are words spelled as we would expect to find them, from their pronunciation?

Sometimes they are, but not always.

What is the best method of becoming a good speller?
A person may become a good speller,

I. By carefully observing the words with which he meets, while reading.

II. When he is writing, by looking out in a dictionary, all the words respecting which he has any doubt.

Does the dictionary contain every word that you may have occasion to use?

Not every word; there are some derivatives which it does not contain.

How, then, are you to know how to spell these derivatives? There are certain rules which direct us as to their

formation.

What is the need of these rules? If we can spell the primitive and the prefix or suffix, may we not simply join them together and spell the derivative?

In some cases we may; but, often, a change is made in a primitive before a suffix is added. Thus in forming having from have, the e of the primitive have is rejected, before the suffix ing is added. The rules cover such cases as this.

When no rule applies, how do you form a derivative? Regularly; that is, without making any change

before adding the prefix or suffix.

How many important rules are there?
Four.

When is a letter said to be final?

When it is the last letter in a word; thus, in have there is an e final.

Mention four words that have final vowels; four that have final consonants.

Repeat the rule that relates to final e.

Rule I. The final e of a primitive word is rejected before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, hate, hating the final e of hate is rejected before the suffix ing, which begins with a vowel.

Form and spell the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ing to the primitives, rave, shave, hope, smoke.

Repeat the rule that relates to the final consonant of a monosyllable.

Rule II. The final consonant of a monosyllable, if preceded by a single vowel, is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, hat, hatter. In this example, the final t of the monosyllable hat is preceded by a single vowel, a, and is doubled before the suffix er.

Form and spell the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix er to the primitives, chat, hot, spin, win.

Repeat the rule that relates to the final consonant of any word accented on the last syllable.

Rule III. The final consonant of any word accented on the last syllable, if preceded by a single vowel, is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, debar, debarring. Debar is accented on the last syllable; the final consonant, r, is preceded by a single vowel, and is doubled before the suffix ing.

Form and spell the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ed to the primitives, abhor, rebut, remit, permit. Repeat the rule that relates to y final.

Rule IV. The final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is changed into i, before a suffix which does not commence with i; as, glory, glorious. The final y of glory is preceded by the consonant r, and is changed into i before the suffix ous, which does not commence with i. When the suffix commences with i, the final y remains unchanged; as, glory, glorying.

When y final is preceded by a vowel, is it changed into i upon the addition of a suffix?

No; it remains unchanged; as, joy, joyous; play, playing.

EXERCISE.

Under Rule I. Write out the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ing to the following words : rule, trace, strike, bite, invite, plunge, censure, tolerate, unite, blame, rebuke, allure.

Under Rule II. Write out the derivatives that are

obtained by adding the suffix ed to the following words: pin, shun, plot, plan, spot, tan, dip, fit, sin, thin, hop, jar.

Under Rule III. Write out the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ing to the following words: begin, unpin, abet, debar, occur, admit, confer, recur, compel, unfit, dispel, deter.

Under Rule IV. Write out the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ed to the following words: cry, try, fry, deny, multiply, terrify, dry, busy, copy, defy, empty, remedy.

Miscellaneous Exercise. Write out the derivatives that are obtained by adding the suffix ing to the following words: brave, destroy,* play, charge, judge, employ, annoy, stay, permit, unbar, refer, number,† profit, alter, propel, flatter, mar, stir, transmit, drive, justify, decry, say.

LESSON XXXVI.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

You have now learned how to punctuate, and when it is proper to use capital letters; you have also had rules for the formation of such derivatives as are not in the dictionary. You are, therefore, prepared to make sentences of your own.

* Observe that here a vowel comes before y final; other words like this will be given.

† Observe that this word is accented on the first syllable; the final consonant, therefore, is not doubled. Other words like this will be given.

† Remember that the final y remains unchanged before a suffix commencing with i.

What is a sentence?

A sentence is such an assemblage of words as

makes complete sense.

Of how many parts does every sentence consist?

Of two parts, subject and predicate.

What is the subject of a sentence ?

The subject of a sentence is that respecting which

something is affirmed.

What is the predicate?

The predicate is that which is affirmed respecting the subject.

Select the subject and predicate in the sentence, "Interoperance leads to destruction."

Intemperance is the subject, because something is affirmed respecting it; leads to destruction is the predicate, because it affirms something about the subject, intemperance.

What part of speech affirms?

A verb.

What must there be, then, in every sentence?
A verb.

Before beginning to write sentences of your own, it will be well for you to learn the following directions, which, if carefully attended to, will be found of great service.

I. Be sure to use punctuation-points and capitals, according to the rules which have been given.

II. Take care that every word is spelled correctly; use your dictionary whenever you are in doubt, and apply the four rules that relate to the formation of derivative words.

III. If you date your composition, put a comma after the name of the place, a comma after the day of the month, and a period after the year; thus, New-York, November 1, 1850.

IV. Never write in a hurry, or carelessly; but do your best to make each composition better than the preceding one.

V After you have written your composition, look over it with